Hand warmers work through simple chemistry. A massively sped-up version of oxidation (the chemical reaction that makes rust) is to thank.
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Hand-Warmers
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Homemade Hand Warmer Science Project – The Science Shop
Hand Warmers: How They Work (And Everything Else You Need To Know)
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How Do Hand Warmers Work? Exploring The Magic of Chemistry
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How is it that when Little Hotties hand warmers get wet they stop working, then they work again once dry? - Quora